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1 Goodyear, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1800 New Haven, Connecticut, USAd. 1 July 1860 New York, USA[br]American inventor of the vulcanization of rubber.[br]Goodyear entered his father's country hardware business before setting up his own concern in Philadelphia. While visiting New York, he noticed in the window of the Roxburgh India Rubber Company a rubber life-preserver. Goodyear offered to improve its inflating valve, but the manager, impressed with Goodyear's inventiveness, persuaded him to tackle a more urgent problem, that of seeking a means of preventing rubber from becoming tacky and from melting or decomposing when heated. Goodyear tried treatments with one substance after another, without success. In 1838 he started using Nathaniel M.Hayward's process of spreading sulphur on rubber. He accidentally dropped a mass of rubber and sulphur on to a hot stove and noted that the mixture did not melt: Goodyear had discovered the vulcanization of rubber. More experiments were needed to establish the correct proportions for a uniform mix, and eventually he was granted his celebrated patent no. 3633 of 15 June 1844. Goodyear's researches had been conducted against a background of crippling financial difficulties and he was forced to dispose of licences to vulcanize rubber at less than their real value, in order to pay off his most pressing debts.Goodyear travelled to Europe in 1851 to extend his patents. To promote his process, he designed a spectacular exhibit for London, consisting of furniture, floor covering, jewellery and other items made of rubber. A similar exhibit in Paris in 1855 won him the Grande Médaille d'honneur and the Croix de la Légion d'honneur from Napoleon III. Patents were granted to him in all countries except England. The improved properties of vulcanized rubber and its stability over a much wider range of temperatures greatly increased its applications; output rose from a meagre 31.5 tonnes a year in 1827 to over 28,000 tonnes by 1900. Even so, Goodyear profited little from his invention, and he bequeathed to his family debts amounting to over $200,000.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrande Médaille d'honneur 1855. Croix de la Légion d'honneur 1855.Bibliography15 June 1844, US patent no. 3633 (vulcanization of rubber).1853, Gum Elastic and Its Varieties (includes some biographical material).Further ReadingB.K.Pierce, 1866, Trials of an Inventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear.H.Allen, 1989, Charles Goodyear: An Intimate Biographical Sketch, Akron, Ohio: Goodyear Tire \& Rubber Company.LRD -
2 Goodyear, Charles
(1800-1860) Гудйир, ЧарлзИзобретатель. В 1830-40 пытался на основе сырого каучука создать материал, который не плавится и не слипается на жаре. В 1844 открыл метод вулканизации резины, полученной из каучука с добавкой серы. Однако патента в Англии ему получить не удалось, а американский патент многократно нарушался. В 1852 добился через суд признания своих прав, но при этом его адвокат получил гонорар, значительно превысивший сумму, полученную Гудйиром. Умер в Нью-Йорке, оставив семье большие долгиEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Goodyear, Charles
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3 Goodyear, Charles
[ˊgudjɪǝr] Гудиэр, Чарлз (1800—60), изобретатель. В 1839 предложил процесс вулканизации резины; долго преодолевал различные препятствия, добиваясь использования изобретения в промышленностиСША. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Goodyear, Charles
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4 Goodyear
m.1 Goodyear, Charles Goodyear.2 Goodyear, Goodyear Tire & Rubber. -
5 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
"Гудйир тайр энд раббер"Химическая компания, входит в список "Форчун-500" [ Fortune 500]. Производит шины и резиновые изделия. Основана в 1898. Названа по имени изобретателя процесса вулканизации Ч. Гудйира [ Goodyear, Charles]. Правление находится в г. Акроне, шт. Огайо. Рекламный лозунг: "На лучших в мире шинах всегда написано: Гудйир" ["The best tires in the world have Goodyear written all over them"]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
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6 Goodyear
n. Goodyear (Charles, een uitvinder) -
7 Goodyear
n. Goodyear (namn; Charles - uppfinnare) -
8 Land transport
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Austin, HerbertHamilton, Harold LeeIssigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold ConstantineMa JunMorris, William RichardSauerbrun, Charles de -
9 Chemical technology
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10 Hancock, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 May 1786 Marlborough, Wiltshire, Englandd. 26 March 1865 Stoke Newington, London, England[br]English founder of the British rubber industry.[br]After education at a private school in Marlborough, Hancock spent some time in "mechanical pursuits". He went to London to better himself and c.1819 his interest was aroused in the uses of rubber, which until then had been limited. His first patent, dated 29 April 1820, was for the application of rubber in clothing where some elasticity was useful, such as braces or slip-on boots. He noticed that freshly cut pieces of rubber could be made to adhere by pressure to form larger pieces. To cut up his imported and waste rubber into small pieces, Hancock developed his "masticator". This device consisted of a spiked roller revolving in a hollow cylinder. However, when rubber was fed in to the machine, the product was not the expected shredded rubber, but a homogeneous cylindrical mass of solid rubber, formed by the heat generated by the process and pressure against the outer cylinder. This rubber could then be compacted into blocks or rolled into sheets at his factory in Goswell Road, London; the blocks and sheets could be used to make a variety of useful articles. Meanwhile Hancock entered into partnership with Charles Macintosh in Manchester to manufacture rubberized, waterproof fabrics. Despite these developments, rubber remained an unsatisfactory material, becoming sticky when warmed and losing its elasticity when cold. In 1842 Hancock encountered specimens of vulcanized rubber prepared by Charles Goodyear in America. Hancock worked out for himself that it was made by heating rubber and sulphur, and obtained a patent for the manufacture of the material on 21 November 1843. This patent also included details of a new form of rubber, hardened by heating to a higher temperature, that was later called vulcanite, or ebonite. In 1846 he began making solid rubber tyres for road vehicles. Overall Hancock took out sixteen patents, covering all aspects of the rubber industry; they were a leading factor in the development of the industry from 1820 until their expiry in 1858.[br]Bibliography1857, Personal Narrative of the Origin and Progress of the Caoutchouc or Indiarubber Manufacture in England, London.Further ReadingH.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87.LRD -
11 Moulton, Alexander
[br]b. 9 April 1920 Stratford-on-Avon[br]English inventor of vehicle suspension systems and the Moulton bicycle.[br]He spent his childhood at The Hall in Bradfordon-Avon. He was educated at Marlborough College, and in 1937 was apprenticed to the Sentinel Steam Wagon Company of Shrewsbury. About that same time he went to King's College, Cambridge, where he took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos. It was then wartime, and he did research on aero-engines at the Bristol Aeroplane Company, where he became Personal Assistant to Sir Roy Fedden. He left Bristol's in 1945 to join his family firm, Spencer \& Moulton, of which he eventually became Technical Director and built up the Research Department. In 1948 he invented his first suspension unit, the "Flexitor", in which an inner shaft and an outer shell were separated by an annular rubber body which was bonded to both.In 1848 his great-grandfather had founded the family firm in an old woollen mill, to manufacture vulcanized rubber products under Charles Goodyear's patent. The firm remained a family business with Spencer's, consultants in railway engineering, until 1956 when it was sold to the Avon Rubber Company. He then formed Moulton Developments to continue his work on vehicle suspensions in the stables attached to The Hall. Sponsored by the British Motor Corporation (BMC) and the Dunlop Rubber Company, he invented a rubber cone spring in 1951 which was later used in the BMC Mini (see Issigonis, Sir Alexander Arnold Constantine): by 1994 over 4 million Minis had been fitted with these springs, made by Dunlop. In 1954 he patented the Hydrolastic suspension system, in which all four wheels were independently sprung with combined rubber springs and damper assembly, the weight being supported by fluid under pressure, and the wheels on each side being interconnected, front to rear. In 1962 he formed Moulton Bicycles Ltd, having designed an improved bicycle system for adult use. The conventional bicycle frame was replaced by a flat-sided oval steel tube F-frame on a novel rubber front and rear suspension, with the wheel size reduced to 41 cm (16 in.) with high-pressure tyres. Raleigh Industries Ltd having refused his offer to produce the Moulton Bicycle under licence, he set up his own factory on his estate, producing 25,000 bicycles between 1963 and 1966. In 1967 he sold out to Raleigh and set up as Bicycle Consultants Ltd while continuing the suspension development of Moulton Developments Ltd. In the 1970s the combined firms employed some forty staff, nearly 50 per cent of whom were graduates.He won the Queen's Award for Industry in 1967 for technical innovation in Hydrolastic car suspension and the Moulton Bicycle. Since that time he has continued his innovative work on suspensions and the bicycle. In 1983 he introduced the AM bicycle series of very sophisticated space-frame design with suspension and 43 cm (17 in.) wheels; this machine holds the world speed record fully formed at 82 km/h (51 mph). The current Rover 100 and MGF use his Hydragas interconnected suspension. By 1994 over 7 million cars had been fitted with Moulton suspensions. He has won many design awards and prizes, and has been awarded three honorary doctorates of engineering. He is active in engineering and design education.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsQueen's Award for Industry 1967; CBE; RDI. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering.Further ReadingP.R.Whitfield, 1975, Creativity in Industry, London: Penguin Books.IMcN
См. также в других словарях:
Goodyear, Charles — born Dec. 29, 1800, New Haven, Conn., U.S. died July 1, 1860, New York, N.Y. U.S. inventor of the vulcanization process that permitted the commercial use of rubber. Interested in treating rubber so that it would lose its adhesive quality and not… … Universalium
Goodyear, Charles — ► (1800 60) Técnico estadounidense. En 1839 descubrió el procedimiento de vulcanización del caucho. * * * (29 dic. 1800, New Haven, Conn., EE.UU.–1 jul. 1860, Nueva York, N.Y.). Inventor estadounidense del proceso de vulcanización, que permitió… … Enciclopedia Universal
Goodyear,Charles — Good·year (go͝odʹyîr ), Charles. 1800 1860. American inventor and manufacturer who developed vulcanized rubber (1839). * * * … Universalium
GOODYEAR, CHARLES — the inventor of vulcanised rubber, born at New Haven, Connecticut; his career was a troubled one; he failed as an iron founder, and when, after 10 years labour, amidst every disadvantage of poverty and privation, he in 1844 produced his new… … The Nuttall Encyclopaedia
Goodyear — Goodyear, Charles … Enciclopedia Universal
Charles Goodyear — Naissance 29 décembre 1800 New Haven, États Unis Décès 11 … Wikipédia en Français
Charles Goodyear — Charles Nelson Goodyear (* 29. Dezember 1800 in New Haven, Connecticut; † 1. Juli 1860 in New York) war ein US amerikanischer Chemiker, Erfinder und Amateurforscher. Goodyear führte die Vulkanisation des K … Deutsch Wikipedia
Charles Goodyear — Charles Goodyear. Charles Goodyear (29 de diciembre de 1800 1 de julio de 1860 en New Haven, Connecticut) descubrió la vulcanización del caucho por accidente, sin formación académica. Este proceso daría lugar a un nuevo material, el látex, con el … Wikipedia Español
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company — Goodyear Tire Rubber Company Unternehmensform Aktiengesellschaft Gründung 29. August 1898 … Deutsch Wikipedia
Charles Goodyear (politician) — Charles Goodyear Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York s 21st 14th district In office 1845 1847, 1865 1867 … Wikipedia
Charles — Charles, Ray * * * (as used in expressions) Adams, Charles Francis Addams, Charles (Samuel) Atlas, Charles Babbage, Charles Barkley, Charles (Wade) Charles Daly Barnet Bartlett, Sir Frederic C(harles) Baudelaire, Charles (Pierre) Charles Edward… … Enciclopedia Universal